Chromium Safety

Toxicity

Hexavalent chromium or chromium (VI) is a recognized carcinogen. Exposure to chromium (VI) in dust is associated with increased incidence of lung cancer and is known to cause inflammation of the skin (dermatitis). In contrast, there is little evidence that trivalent chromium or chromium (III) is toxic to humans. Because no adverse effects have been convincingly associated with excess intake of chromium (III) from food or supplements, the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the Institute of Medicine did not set a tolerable upper level of intake (UL) for chromium. Because information is limited, the FNB acknowledged a potential for adverse effects of high intakes of supplemental chromium (III) and advised caution.

Most of the concerns regarding the long-term safety of chromium (III) supplementation arise from several studies in cell culture, suggesting chromium (III), especially in the form of chromium picolinate, may increase DNA damage. Presently, there is no evidence that chromium (III) increases DNA damage in living organisms, and a study in 10 women taking 400 mcg/day of chromium as chromium picolinate found no evidence of increased oxidative damage to DNA as measured by antibodies to an oxidized DNA base.

Several studies have demonstrated the safety of daily doses of up to 1,000 mcg of chromium for several months. However, there have been a few isolated reports of serious adverse reactions to chromium picolinate. Kidney failure was reported five months after a six-week course of 600 mcg of chromium/day in the form of chromium picolinate, while kidney failure and impaired liver function were reported after the use of 1,200-2,400 mcg/day of chromium in the form of chromium picolinate over a period of four to five months. Individuals with pre-existing kidney or liver disease may be at increased risk of adverse effects and should limit supplemental chromium intake.

Drug interactions

Little is known about drug interactions with chromium in humans. Large doses of calcium carbonate or magnesium hydroxide-containing antacids decreased chromium absorption in rats. Aspirin and indomethacin (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) increased chromium absorption in rats.

See Also: