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In one recent analysis of Propolis from
England, 150 compounds were identified in only one sample (Greenaway,
et al., 1990), but in total more than 180 have been isolated so far.
It appears that with every new analysis, new compounds are found.
Propolis resins are collected from a
large variety of trees and shrubs. Each region and colony seems to
have its own preferred resin sources, which results in the large
variation of colour, odour and composition. Comparisons with tree
resins in Europe suggest that, wherever Populus species are present,
honeybees preferably collect the resins from leaf buds of these trees.
A Cuban study suggests that the plant
resins collected are at least partially metabolized by bees (Cuellar
et al., 1990). The presence of sugars (Greenaway et al., 1987) also
suggests some metabolization by bees, i.e. as a result of adding
saliva during both scraping and chewing.
A list of the major classes of chemicals
occurring in Propolis is given below with references to some recent
reviews and analyses from different countries. The major compounds are
resins composed of flavonoids and phenolic acids or their esters,
which often form up to 50% of all ingredients. The variation in
beeswax content also influences the chemical analysis. In addition it
must be said that most studies do not attempt to determine all
components, but limit themselves to a class of chemicals or a method
of extraction. The selection of the studies presented here is based on
the most recent publications with preference given to the most
complete studies or to studies from countries where these are the only
references.
See also:
Bee Propolis: What
is Propolis?
Formulation and Application Methods for Human and Animal Use
Composition of
Propolis
Physical
Characteristics of Propolis
The Physiological Effects
& Scientific Evidence
Storage
of Propolis
Traditional Uses
of Propolis
Uses of of Propolis in
Cosmetics & Medicine
Bee
Propolis: Caution
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