Toxicity

Pantothenic acid is not known to be toxic in humans. The only adverse effect noted was diarrhea resulting from very high intakes of 10 to 20 grams/day of calcium D-pantothenate. However, there is one case report of life-threatening eosinophilic pleuropericardial effusion in an elderly woman who took a combination of 10 mg/day of biotin and 300 mg/day of pantothenic acid for two months . Due to the lack of reports of adverse effects when the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for pantothenic acid were established in 1998, the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine did not establish a tolerable upper level of intake (UL) for pantothenic acid . Pantethine is generally well tolerated in doses up to 1,200 mg/day. However gastrointestinal side effects like nausea and heartburn have been reported.

Drug interactions

Oral contraceptives (birth control pills) containing estrogen and progestin may increase the requirement for pantothenic acid. Use of pantethine in combination with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) or nicotinic acid may produce additive effects on blood lipids.

Older adults (65 years and older)

Presently there is little evidence that older adults differ in their intake or requirement for pantothenic acid. Most multivitamin/multimineral supplements provide at least 5 mg/day of pantothenic acid.

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